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13,000 BC
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Cochise Man
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300BC - 900 AD
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Hohokam
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1680
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Establishment of Santa Fe, 12 years before Plymouth Rock
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1750’s
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Establish Tubac (Arizona)
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1775
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Establish Tucson (Arizona)
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1776
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Friar Garces and Captain DeAnza establish road to California
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1781
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Friar Garces killed in Yuma Indian uprising
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1821
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Republic of Mexico established
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1820’s
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Mountain Men in Southwest (Bill Williams, Kit Carson, Ewing Young and Joe Walker)
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1830’s
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Mexican government puts $100 bounty on Apache scalps
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1836
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Republic of Texas established
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1848
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ($18 million buys California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Arizona and New Mexico north of the Gila River.
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1849
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Gold Rush - 60,000 49ers pass through Yuma
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1850’s
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U.S. Military - Hardships at frontier posts (high desertion rates, except among Black ‘Buffalo Soldiers.’
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1850
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Yuma - Dr. Able Lincoln, the John Glanton Gang, and the ‘Yuma’ Indians
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have ‘Ferry Boat War.’
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1853
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Gadsen Purchase ($10 million buys southern Arizona and New Mexico.)
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1856
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“Hi-Jolly” the camel driver (Army experiments with camels in the desert.)
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1857
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‘Pony Express’ and ‘Jackass Mail’ - 180 miles on a mule.
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1858
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John Butterfield Overland Mail and Stage Line (150 depots from Tipton, Missouri to San Francisco, California.)
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1852 - 1908
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Steamboats on the Colorado River.
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1861
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The Bascom Affair (Hostage situation with Cochise and Army leads to Apache hostilities.)
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1861
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First ever Congressional Medal of Honor awarded to Dr. Bernard Irwin for actions in Apache wars, related to Battle at Apache Pass.
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1860’s
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Civil War - U.S. troops leave Arizona; Apache raids increase; Confederates take Tucson and establish Confederate Territory of Arizona.
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1863
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Battle of Pichaco Peak
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1863
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Union troops retake Tucson; General James Carlton extra-legally proclaims Arizona a U.S. Territory. Congress makes it official on February 24, 1863.
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1863
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First Territorial Capitol at Ft. Whipple; moved to Granite Creek and renamed Prescott.
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1865
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‘Scorched Earth’ policy against Navajos led by Kit Carson. Navajo ‘Long Walk’ - tribe marched to Bosca Redondo, New Mexico ‘prison.’
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1871
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Camp Grant Massacre - Tucson citizens murder 132 Apache women, children and elderly. Jury acquits vigilantes in 19 minutes.
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1870’s
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General George Crook commands military; established ‘Apache Scouts;’ guerilla tactics. Battles of Salt Rive Caves, Turret Butte. Hostilities end.
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1874
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All previously hostiles tribes forced together at San Carlos reservation; General Crook objects and requests transfer. New hostilities for several
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years. Geronimo becomes the focus of attention.
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1880
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‘Indian Ring Scandal’ - corrupt agents cheat Indians on reservations.
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1886
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Crook resigns in dispute with Washington over use of ‘Apache Scouts.’ Replaced by politically ambitious General Nelson Miles.
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1886
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Final surrender of Geronimo. All Chiricahua Apaches (including friendlies and former Army scouts) exiled to Florida, then Oklahoma, for 27 years. Years
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later, Geronimo appears in ‘Wild West’ shows.
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Late 1880’s
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—-Judicial system operating
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—-C. Meyer Zulich appointed as Territorial Governor while prisoner. in Mexican jail. Mercenary hired to ‘break him out.’ He escapes North to be sworn in.
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—-‘Thieving 13th Legislature'(1889)breaks records for ‘corruption.’
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—-Con men and ‘Snake Oil’ salesmen active.
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—-‘The Baron of Arizona’ (James Addison Reevis) claims ownership of 18,000 square miles of Territory, based on phony Spanish land grant. Later goes to jail.
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—-Prospector Ed Schefflin strikes silver and gold. Established town of Tombstone.
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—-Henry Wickenburg sells his Vulture Mine for $85,000. It later produces millions. He does in poverty; suicide.
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1877
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First railroad enters Arizona at Yuma.
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1880
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Railroad to Tucson. Phony telegram from Pope in Rome reads:
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“Congratulations. Where in Hell is Tucson?”
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1880’s
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—-Promoter Frank Murphy builds ‘impossible railroad’ through the Bradshaw Mountains.
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—-Pleasant Valley War (Grahams vs. Tewksburrys,) lasts 25 years.
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—-Frontier sheriff well established; broad powers.
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—-Sheriff Commodore Perry Owens shoot-out in Holbrook; more daring than OK Corral, but not as famous.
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1901
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Arizona Rangers (’26 Men’) established by Territorial Legislature.
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Largely cleans up criminal element. Later voted out of existence amid partisan political bickering.
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1905
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Congress loans $11 million to build Theodore Roosevelt Dam. Stable water supply and electricity for Phoenix area. The former President attends dedication; other dams follow.
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supply and electricity for Phoenix area. The former President attends
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1908 - 1917
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—-Automobiles appear. ‘Cactus Derby’ race from Los Angeles to Phoenix
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attracts Barney Oldfield and Louis Chevrolet.
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—-Political struggle for statehood successful. Signed by President William Howard Taft, February 14, 1912.
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—-George W.P. Hunt elected first Governor: Served seven 2-year terms, but not all consecutively.
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—-George Hunt and Tom Campbell both claimed victory in election in 1916; both ‘take office.’ Courts later decide winner.
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—-Women pioneers profiled:
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Nellie Bush - Pilot/lawyer
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Rachel Berry - First female State Representative in US
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Francis Munds - Second female State Senator in US; Suffragette
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Isabella Greenway - First Arizona Congresswoman
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Jane Rider - Engineer
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Sally Davis Hayden Education pioneer
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—-Early motion picture industry in Arizona; Tom Mix profiled
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1917
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Bisbee Deportation - During WWI, striking copper miners rounded up by company police and shipped, at gunpoint, in railroad cars to Columbus, New Mexico.
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FINALLY:
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FOR FUN - Irish-American barnstorming pilot Paddy Murphy hired by Mexican revolutionaries. A bit drunk, Murphy mistakenly bombs Naco, Arizona instead of Naco, Sonora, Mexico.
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